Microsoft

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Microsoft

Basic information
Founded	1975
Type	Public
Industry	Information Technology
Official website	https://www.microsoft.com/

Microsoft Corporation is a large American technology company founded in 1975 by Bill Gates and Paul Allen. Initially focused on developing BASIC interpreters, the company rose to prominence through its MS-DOS and Windows operating systems, which became fundamental to the personal computer revolution. Under successive CEOs Steve Ballmer and Satya Nadella, Microsoft expanded beyond operating systems into diverse technology sectors, including cloud computing, gaming, and hardware. Notable acquisitions include Skype, LinkedIn, and GitHub. Microsoft's recent acquisition of Activision Blizzard for $68.7 billion made it the third-largest gaming company globally.

As one of the Big Five American tech companies, Microsoft maintains market dominance in PC operating systems and office software, while offering a wide range of products and services, including the Azure cloud platform, Xbox gaming consoles, Surface computers, and enterprise solutions. The company has faced criticism for monopolistic practices and software security issues.

Controversies

Court cases up to the early 2000s

In a major antitrust case brought by the US Department of Justice, U.S. v. Microsoft Corp., 253 F.3d 34 (D.C. Cir. 2001), Microsoft argued that there was no barrier to entry in the market they were in. A central issue at that time was whether Microsoft could bundle the web browser Internet Explorer with the Microsoft Windows operating system. The District Court stated the following in the court case: "The District Court condemned a number of provisions in Microsoft's agreements licensing Windows to OEMs, because it found that Microsoft's imposition of those provisions (like many of Microsoft's other actions at issue in this case) serves to reduce usage share of Netscape's browser and, hence, protect Microsoft's operating system monopoly."

The court specifically identified three main license restrictions for Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) that were considered problematic:

1. The prohibition upon the removal of desktop icons, folders, and Start menu entries
2. The prohibition for modifying the initial boot sequence
3. The prohibition of otherwise altering the appearance of the Windows desktop

The case was eventually settled, and did not result in a company breakup.

Section III.H of the Consent Decree required Microsoft to "allow end users and OEMs to enable or remove access to all middleware products­, including web browsers, e-mail clients, and media players ­through a readily accessible, centralized mechanism." End users and OEMs should be able "to specify a non-Microsoft middleware product as the default middleware product to be launched in place of the corresponding Microsoft middleware product."

In the case United States v. Microsoft Corp., 87 F. Supp. 2d 30 (D.D.C. 2000), Microsoft's conduct taken as a whole was described as a "deliberate assault upon entrepreneurial efforts that, could well have enabled the introduction of competition into the market for Intel-compatible PC operating systems". Further, "Microsoft's anti-competitive actions trammeled the competitive process through which the computer software industry generally stimulates innovation and conduces to the optimum benefit of consumers."

Windows

Forced Updates

Beginning with Windows 10, end users can no longer selectively choose updates. Instead, updates are automatically scheduled when a computer is inactive, or before the system is shut down. This has also led to some systems being rendered unusable because of bugged updates that cannot be avoided. Some users have resorted to disabling updates in Window's registry editor, though this prevents them from receiving security updates, which can make their systems vulnerable to attacks.

Resetting preferences during updates

During some Windows updates, the preferences users have set on applications that they have installed, will end up being reset to their default settings. Users have reported this to go as far as resetting permissions for apps, which can be extremely risky for insecure software.

Forced Arbitration

When Windows 10 is installed from the ISO that can be downloaded from Microsoft, the EULA explicitly mentions forced arbitration.

Edge

Microsoft Edge is a Chromium-based web browser that comes preinstalled with Windows 10 and later. It is the successor to Internet Explorer.

Controversy	Year started - Year Ended	Background Info	Aftermath	Related Article
Inability to delete	2018 – Present	During major updates for Windows, users have been reporting their installations of Edge being reinstalled to their devices without their consent.	No change
Importing content from other browsers without consent	2020 – ?	Users have reported on frequent occasions that Edge has imported user data from browsers such as Chrome and Firefox without first requesting consent from the user.	Unknown if it still occurs
Resetting primary browser	2017 – Present	Windows has frequently been resetting the default browser to Edge without consent. While there are methods to disable this, it is tedious to achieve, especially for users who are not tech-savvy.	Continues to happen

Windows 11

TPM 2.0 chip requirements

Microsoft updated their system requirements to include Trusted Platform Module 2.0 (TPM) support as a mandatory requirement for upgrading to Windows 11. This would require either a TPM-compatible CPU, or a separate TPM-dedicated chip to be installed on the motherboard, however some users were able to circumvent this requirement by editing the registry. This change resulted in many customers selling or discarding their otherwise functional computers and hardware that did not meet the new system requirements. Microsoft has been frequently reminding users of Windows 10 to upgrade their hardware to be compatible with Windows 11, which has caused many users frequent agitation.

Recall

In 2024, Microsoft unveiled Recall, marketed as a way for users to search through what they have done on their computer by recording their screen. This sparked controversy, especially among security experts who worried about the security of screenshots, since it could easily document private information like social-security numbers, bank-account information, and passwords, as well as user browsing behavior. A Python script was developed, called "TotalRecall", that collects the screenshots and descriptions of these recordings, proving the danger of Recall. This feature was delayed after backlash from users.

Microsoft account dark patterns when installing Windows

An image of a Windows 10 installation, to illustrate the effort required to make an account unattached to a Microsoft account.

Numerous dark patterns have been implemented in the form of vague language and a confusing user interface, which hides the option to create an account without a Microsoft account under sub-menus and small text. The dark patterns in the Windows installation menu have been in place since Windows 10 was launched in 2015, and continue into the Windows 11 installation process.

Removal of games

In early September 2016, Microsoft shut down Xbox Live Indie Games, and in late July 2024, Microsoft shut down its storefront for Xbox 360 games. These shutdowns have made it impossible to obtain new copies of, or in some cases, even play, hundreds of games.

Office 365 Suite issues

Main article: Microsoft Office 365

The Office 365 program has been facing a number of issues in recent years, with allegations of forced upsell and forced implementation of OneDrive.

Minecraft account migration

Main article: Minecraft account migration

Following Microsoft's acquisition of Minecraft, they have started forcing account migration to users who already had a Mojang account to a Microsoft account. The company gave users a grace period for account migration, after which users would have to purchase Minecraft again if the Mojang account was not migrated.

Discontinued support for Windows Mixed Reality (WMR)

Main article: Windows Mixed Reality (WMR) discontinuation

Beginning with Windows 11 version 24H2, Microsoft longer supports Windows Mixed Reality, and all support for the platform will end November 1, 2027. This affects device models from manufacturers including Samsung, HP, Lenovo, Acer, Dell, and Microsoft - including their own flagship device, Microsoft HoloLens. Users who wish to continue using these devices must either use Windows 10 or block the 24H2 update from being installed.